advantages of IBS part 3 last (Vila)

Reduce Labour at Site:

Prefabrication takes place at a centralised factory, thusreducing labour requirement at site. This is true especially when high degree of mechanisation is involved (Warszawski, 1999)7.

 

Faster Completion:

An industrialised building system allows for faster constructiontime because casting of precast element at factory and foundation work at site can occur simultaneously. This provides earlier occupation of the building, thus reducing interest payment or capital outlays (Waleed

et al.

, 2003)8.

 

Not Affected by Adverse Weather Condition:

Construction operation is not affected by adverse weather condition because prefabricated component is done in a factorycontrolled environment (Waleed

et al.

, 2003)9.

 

Flexible Design:

An industrialised building system allows fexibility in architecturaldesign in order to minimise the monotony of repetitive facades (Warszawski, 1999). Anindustrialised building system provides flexibility in the design of precast element aswell as in construction so that different systems may produce their own unique prefabrication construction methods (Zaini, 2000)

Advantages of IBS(part 2 Vila)

Produce Better Product: 

IBS promises elevated levels of expertise throughout theindustry, from manufacturers, installers, engineers, planners, designers, and developers.The benefits of IBS will ultimately produce better products for the population (CIDB,2003)4.

 

Reduce Wastage, Less Site Materials, Costs, Cleaner and Neater Environment:

TheIBS, which enables on-site prefabricated or pre-cast building components manufacturedat factories offers minimal wastage, less site materials, cleaner and neater environment,controlled quality, and lower total construction cost (CIDB, 2003). For example, therepetitive use of system formwork made up of steel, aluminium, etc and scaffolding provides considerable cost savings (Bing

et al.

2001).5.

 

Higher Quality of Component:

An industrialised building system component produces higher quality of components attainable through careful selection of materials,use of advanced technology and strict quality assurancecontrol (Din,1984)

Advantages of IBS part 1(Vila)

Reduce Remittances by foreign worker:

The Government aimed to achieve 100 percent usage of IBS and to reduce to 15 percent or approximately 50,000 of foreignworkers in the construction industry by 2010. With the current foreign workers totalling227,000, the remittances of the foreign workers amounted to about 7.5 billion. It isexpected that the Government would be able to reduce the remittances with the fullimplementation of IBS. (Bernama.com, 2006) 2.

 

Enhance Efficiency of Construction Process and Higher Productivity:

IBS is amethodology whereby a local construction industry is driven towards the adoption of anintegrated and encouraging key players in the construction industry to produce andutilize pre-fabricated and mass production of the building at their work sites. This willhelp to enhance the efficiency of construction process, allowing a higher productivity,quality, time and cost saving. (CIDB, 2004)

Introduction to IBS(Vilasha)

The concept of mass production of quality building is termed as “Industrialised building system

 (IBS)”.Among the benefits of using IBS are: speed, quality and economics, all of which are

required so as to meet the large demand for housing. In order to develop techniques for mass produced houses, M

alaysia needs to access itself to the world’s most modern building system,

 building materials and housing products (Waleed et. al., 2003).The IBS, which enables on-site prefabricated or pre-cast building componentsmanufactured at factories, will enable cost saving and quality improvement through thereduction of labour intensity and construction standardization. Apart from this, it offers minimalwastage, less site materials, cleaner and neater environment, controlled quality, and lower totalconstruction cost (CIDB, 2003).One fact which seems to have the common consensus of all the stakeholders of IBS inMalaysia is that, the implementation of IBS in Malaysian building construction industry is still

very low compared to the conventional methoof IBS in Malaysian building construction industry is stillvery low compared to the conventional methods

disadvatage of steel structure (by liuyong)

http://www.civilengineeringterms.com/steel-structures/disadvantages-of-steel-structures-demerits-of-steel-construction/

High maintenance cost and more corrosion

Most steels must be painted at regular intervals because if they are freely exposed to air they get corrode. This requires extra cost and special care. If we use weathering steel then this will eliminate this cost. If steel structures are not properly maintained then they can loose 1 to 1.5 mm of their thickness each year. As a result the structure will loose its weight up to 35% during its specified life span and can fail under external loads.

• Fireproofing costs

Although steel members are incombustible in nature, their strength is tremendously reduced at temperatures prevailing in fires. At about 400 degree Celsius, creep becomes much more pronounced. Creep is defined as the plastic deformation under a constant load for a long period of time. This produces large deflections in steel structures. Stresses will produce in main member forcing other members to higher stresses or even to collapse. Steel is an excellent conductor of heat. It may transfer heat from a burning compartment of a building to start fire in other parts of the building. Extra cost is required for properly fire proof of the building.

• Susceptibility to buckling

Steel sections usually consist of a combination of thin plates. The steel members dimensions are also smaller than reinforced concrete members. If these slender member are subjected to compression, there are greater chances of buckling.Steel when used for columns is not very economical because considerable material has to be used to stiffen the columns against buckling.

• Higher initial cost / Less availability

In few countries, like pakistan, steel is not available in abundance and its initial cost is very high as compared with the other structural materials. That is the reason why steel structures are not very common in these countries.

• Aesthetics

For certain types of buildings, the steel structures are architecturally preferred. However, for majority of residential buildings and office buildings, steel structures are considered to have poor aesthetic appearance. At these places, they required false ceiling and cladding to improve their appearance. A good amount is required for such structures to improve their appearance.

IBS in malaysia(Vilasha)

More information are available at the website given below for your further reference:
http://www.cream.com.my/index.php/publication/mechanization/presentation-a-article/40-ibs-in-malaysia/download

Steel Buildings - The Modern Construction Design (by liuyong)

http://steelbuildings.hubpages.com/hub/Steel-Buildings-The-Modern-Construction-Design

advertage about steel material

Steel is looking to be the building block of the future. Why, because there are an extreme number of positive attributes and benefits you can get from steel as a construction material. First used around the 1700's to create fireproof mill structures in England, steel has come a long way. Modern variations first started to gain popularity around the early 20th century, became more common during WW2 and even more so afterward once steel was no longer being rationed for the war.


When deciding on a material for a building or other structure, one must take into account several things such as cost, quality, and safety. Steel makes for one of the best building materials because of it's high quality, low maintenance cost, and safe track record. Steel is an alloy consisting of several different metals, the most prominent being iron. This makes it an ideal material for construction since different kinds of steel can be tailor made to contain different qualities. For instance the more carbon added to steel, the harder and stronger it is, though this renders it less flexible.

See all 3 photos

Cost is of course one of the most important factors when choosing building material. Steel is an excellent value for the money, a building made of steel can cost as much as 50% less to build than one made of something else. Buildings constructed from steel normally have lower insurance premiums(often as low as 40%) than ones made of more hazardous material. Steel structures are easily assembled as they arrive ready made to a construction site, which saves greatly on time and labor costs.

When it comes to versatility, you can't get more diverse than with steel. Steel manufacturers are quite accommodating and design buildings using computer technology. Components, fittings and all measurements are custom molded into an exact shape which allows contractors to make extremely accurate estimates and eliminates the need to unnecessarily purchase excess materials. Steel frames can allow for taller walls and wider open spaces. It also has one of the highest strength to weight ratios of any building material. A steel framework is lighter than concrete and other materials (it's lighter than wood by 50%) which reduces foundation requirements for steel buildings. Steel can of course work on it's own or be combined with other materials and can be made to meet the seismic and wind loads that building codes require.

As for safety, unlike wood steel is completely non-combustible and will not catch fire, nor will it suffer from mold or mildew. Pests that commonly infest buildings such as insects, termites and rodents will not permeate steel.

See all 3 photos

On the environmental side, steel is 100% recyclable and is in fact one of the most recycled materials in the world. This has been going on for over 150 years because recycling steel is in fact less costly than mining for it and the metal does not lose any of its physical properties during the process. Stainless steel buildings are considered some of the most energy efficient in the market today. Extreme heat and cold do not affect steel buildings the way they do others.

Almost any type of building can be made of steel, barns, office buildings, storage buildings etc. Three of the most common types of steel structure are "arched", "straight walled" and "clearspan". Straight walled buildings are the kind mostly used for industrial and commercial purposes while arched constructions are used in the agricultural industry. Clearspan is an internal part of the construction which uses large, overhead support beams to reduce the need for internal support columns. Clearspan construction is often used for building large aircraft hangers or public arenas. Pre-engineered or "prefab" steel buildings have become very popular throughout the market. Pre-engineered buildings are made of a steel framed building system with pre-designed components that fit together in a wide variety of combinations for a specific use. One can even disassemble the structure and move it to another location if called for. Prehabs are even more economical and easily erected than regular steel structures.

There are several different types of coating and finishes for steel which have different advantages. A coating such as galvalume can be applied to protect the paint and surface of the building from rust. Nowadays steel can be made to look like any other type of material, using special finishes that imitate the look of wood paneling, stucco, brickwork, concrete and so forth. One can either have this done by a company or do it themselves.

Minimal labor and cost, resistance to the most extreme weather conditions, complete freedom of design and versatility of structure, and ecological safety combine to make steel a perfect choice for construction. With modern building becoming more and more efficient, modern steel buildings have become one of the most practical forms of architecture.

building Structural Types (by liuyong)

http://www.conservationtech.com/FEMA-WEB/FEMA-subweb-EQ/02-02-EARTHQUAKE/1-BUILDINGS/D3-Bldg-types.htm

D1: Building Structural Types

The following descriptions are from FEMA 356: Pre-standard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings. They are the same basic descriptions and identifying symbols as found also in FEMA 310: Handbook for the Seismic Evaluation of Buildings. Description of Model Building Types Wood Light Frame: W1 Wood Frames, Commercial and Industrial: W2 Steel Moment Frames: S1: S1A Steel Braced Frames: S2 Steel Light Frames: S3 Steel Frames with Concrete Shear Walls: S4 Steel Frame with Infill Masonry Shear Walls: S5: S5A Concrete Moment Frames: C1 Concrete Shear Wall Buildings: C2: C2  Concrete Frame with Infill Masonry Shear Walls: C3: C3A Precast/Tilt-up Concrete Shear Wall Buildings: PC1: PC1A Precast Concrete Frames: PC2: PC2A Reinforced Masonry Bearing Wall Buildings with Flexible Diaphragms: RM1 Reinforced Masonry Bearing Wall Buildings with Stiff Diaphragms: RM2 Unreinforced Masonry Bearing Wall Buildings: URM: URMA Wood Light Frame : W1: These buildings are single or multiple family dwellings of one or more stories in height. Building loads are light and the framing spans are short. Floor and roof framing consists of wood joists or rafters on wood studs spaced no more than 24 inches apart. The first floor framing is supported directly on the foundation, or is raised up on cripple studs and post and beam supports. The foundation consists of spread footings constructed on concrete, concrete masonry block, or brick masonry in older construction. Chimneys, when present, consist of solid brick masonry, masonry veneer, or wood frame with internal metal flues. Lateral forces are resisted by wood frame diaphragms and shear walls. Floor and roof diaphragms consist of straight or diagonal lumber sheathing, tongue and groove planks, oriented strand board, or plywood. Shear walls consist of straight or lumber sheathing, plank siding, oriented strand board, plywood, stucco, gypsum board, particle board, or fiberboard. Interior partitions are sheathed with plaster or gypsum board. W1A: These buildings are multi-story, similar in construction to W1 buildings, but have openings in the lowest level exterior walls framed with post-and-beam construction. Wood Frames, Commercial and Industrial W2: These buildings are commercial or industrial buildings with a floor area of 5,000 square feet or more. There are few, if any, interior walls. The floor and roof framing consists of wood or steel trusses, glulam or steel beams, and wood posts or steel columns. Lateral forces are resisted by wood diaphragms and exterior stud walls sheathed with plywood, oriented strand board, stucco, plaster, straight or diagonal wood sheathing, or braced with rod bracing. Wall openings for storefronts and garages, when present, are framed by post-and-beam framing.   Steel Moment Frames S1: These buildings consist of a frame assembly of steel beams and steel columns. Floor and roof framing consists of cast-in-place concrete slabs or metal deck with concrete fill supported on steel beams, open web joists, or steel trusses. Lateral forces are resisted by steel moment frames that develop their stiffness through rigid or semi-rigid beam-column connections. When all connections are moment-resisting connections, the entire frame participates in lateral force resistance. When only selected connections are moment-resisting connections, resistance is provided along discrete frame lines. Columns may be oriented so that each principal direction of the building has columns resisting forces in strong axis bending. Diaphragms consist of concrete or metal deck with concrete fill and are stiff relative to the frames. When the exterior of the structure is concealed, walls consist of metal panel curtain walls, glazing, brick masonry, or precast concrete panels. When the interior of the structure is finished, frames are concealed by ceilings, partition walls, and architectural column furring. Foundations consist of concrete-spread footings or deep pile foundations. S1A: These buildings are similar to S1 buildings, except that diaphragms consist of wood framing or untopped metal deck, and are flexible relative to the frames. Steel Braced Frames S2: These buildings have a frame of steel columns, beams, and braces. Braced frames develop resistance to lateral forces by the bracing action of the diagonal members. The braces induce forces in the associated beams and columns such that all elements work together in a manner similar to a truss, with all element stresses being primarily axial. When the braces do not completely triangulate the panel, some of the members are subjected to shear and flexural stresses; eccentrically braced frames are one such case. Diaphragms transfer lateral loads to braced frames. The diaphragms consist of concrete or metal deck with concrete fill and are stiff relative to the frames. S2A: These buildings are similar to S2 buildings, except that diaphragms consist of wood framing or untopped metal deck, and are flexible relative to the frames. Steel Light Frames S3: These buildings are pre-engineered and prefabricated with transverse rigid steel frames. They are one story in height. The roof and walls consist of lightweight metal, fiberglass or cementitious panels. The frames are designed for maximum efficiency and the beams and columns consist of tapered, built-up sections with thin plates. The frames are built in segments and assembled in the field with bolted or welded joints. Lateral forces in the transverse direction are resisted by the rigid frames. Lateral forces in the longitudinal direction are resisted by wall panel shear elements or rod bracing. Diaphragm forces are resisted by untopped metal deck, roof panel shear elements, or a system of tensiononly rod bracing. Steel Frames with Concrete Shear Walls S4: These buildings consist of a frame assembly of steel beams and steel columns. The floors and roof consist of cast-inplace concrete slabs or metal deck with or without concrete fill. Framing consists of steel beams, open web joists or steel trusses. Lateral forces are resisted by cast-in-place concrete shear walls. These walls are bearing walls when the steel frame does not provide a complete vertical support system. In older construction, the steel frame is designed for vertical loads only. In modern dual systems, the steel moment frames are designed to work together with the concrete shear walls in proportion to their relative rigidity. In the case of a dual system, the walls shall be evaluated under this building type and the frames shall be evaluated under S1 or S1A, Steel Moment Frames. Diaphragms consist of concrete or metal deck with or without concrete fill. The steel frame may provide a secondary lateral-forceresisting system depending on the stiffness of the frame and the moment capacity of the beam-column connections. Steel Frame with Infill Masonry Shear Walls S5: This is an older type of building construction that consists of a frame assembly of steel beams and steel columns. The floors and roof consist of cast-in-place concrete slabs or metal deck with concrete fill. Framing consists of steel beams, open web joists or steel trusses. Walls consist of infill panels constructed of solid clay brick, concrete block, or hollow clay tile masonry. Infill walls may completely encase the frame members, and present a smooth masonry exterior with no indication of the frame. The seismic performance of this type of construction depends on the interaction between the frame and infill panels. The combined behavior is more like a shear wall structure than a frame structure. Solidly infilled masonry panels form diagonal compression struts between the intersections of the frame members. If the walls are offset from the frame and do not fully engage the frame members, the diagonal compression struts will not develop. The strength of the infill panel is limited by the shear capacity of the masonry bed joint or the compression capacity of the strut. The post-cracking strength is determined by an analysis of a moment frame that is partially restrained by the cracked infill. The diaphragms consist of concrete floors and are stiff relative to the walls. S5A: These buildings are similar to S5 buildings, except that diaphragms consist of wood sheathing or untopped metal deck, or have large aspect ratios and are flexible relative to the walls. Concrete Moment Frames C1: These buildings consist of a frame assembly of cast-in-place concrete beams and columns. Floor and roof framing consists of cast-in-place concrete slabs, concrete beams, one-way joists, two-way waffle joists, or flat slabs. Lateral forces are resisted by concrete moment frames that develop their stiffness through monolithic beam-column connections. In older construction, or in regions of low seismicity, the moment frames may consist of the column strips of two-way flat slab systems. Modern frames in regions of high seismicity have joint reinforcing, closely spaced ties, and special detailing to provide ductile performance. This detailing is not present in older construction. Foundations consist of concrete-spread footings or deep pile foundations. Concrete Shear Wall Buildings C2: These buildings have floor and roof framing that consists of cast-in-place concrete slabs, concrete beams, one-way joists, two-way waffle joists, or flat slabs. Floors are supported on concrete columns or bearing walls. Lateral forces are resisted by cast-in-place concrete shear walls. In older construction, shear walls are lightly reinforced, but often extend throughout the building. In more recent construction, shear walls occur in isolated locations and are more heavily reinforced with concrete slabs and are stiff relative to the walls. Foundations consist of concrete-spread footings or deep pile foundations. C2A: These buildings are similar to C2 buildings, except that diaphragms consist of wood sheathing, or have large aspect ratios, and are flexible relative to the walls. Concrete Frame with Infill Masonry Shear Walls C3: This is an older type of building construction that consists of a frame assembly of cast-in-place concrete beams and columns. The floors and roof consist of cast-in-place concrete slabs. Walls consist of infill panels constructed of solid clay brick, concrete block, or hollow clay tile masonry. The seismic performance of this type of construction depends on the interaction between the frame and the infill panels. The combined behavior is more like a shear wall structure than a frame structure. Solidly infilled masonry panels form diagonal compression struts between the intersections of the frame members. If the walls are offset from the frame and do not fully engage the frame members, the diagonal compression struts will not develop. The strength of the infill panel is limited by the shear capacity of the masonry bed joint or the compression capacity of the strut. The post-cracking strength is determined by an analysis of a moment frame that is partially restrained by the cracked infill. The shear strength of the concrete columns, after racking of the infill, may limit the semiductile behavior of the system. The diaphragms consist of concrete floors and are stiff relative to the walls. C3A: These buildings are similar to C3 buildings, except that diaphragms consists of wood sheathing or untopped metal deck, or have large aspect ratios and are flexible relative to the walls. Precast/Tilt-up Concrete Shear Wall Buildings PC1: These buildings are one or more stories in height and have precast concrete perimeter wall panels that are cast on site and tilted into place. Floor and roof framing consists of wood joists, glulam beams, steel beams or open web joists. Framing is supported on interior steel columns and perimeter concrete bearing walls. The floors and roof consist of wood sheathing or untapped metal deck. Lateral forces are resisted by the precast concrete perimeter wall panels. Wall panels may be solid, or have large window and door openings which cause the panels to behave more as frames than as shear walls. In older construction, wood framing is attached to the walls with wood ledgers. Foundations consist of concrete-spread footings or deep pile foundations. PC1A: These buildings are similar to PC1 buildings, except that diaphragms consist of precast elements, cast-in-place concrete, or metal deck with concrete fill, and are stiff relative to the walls. Precast Concrete Frames PC2: These buildings consist of a frame assembly of precast concrete girders and columns with the presence of shear walls. Floor and roof framing consists of precast concrete planks, tees or double-tees supported on precast concrete girders and columns. Lateral forces are resisted by precast or cast-in-place concrete shear walls. Diaphragms consist of precast elements interconnected with welded inserts, cast-in-place closure strips, or reinforced concrete topping slabs. PC2A: These buildings are similar to PC2 buildings, except that concrete shear walls are not present. Lateral forces are resisted by precast concrete moment frames that develop their stiffness through beam-column joints rigidly connected by welded inserts or cast-in-place concrete closures. Diaphragms consist of precast elements interconnected with welded inserts, cast-in-place closure strips, or reinforced concrete topping slabs. Reinforced Masonry Bearing Wall Buildings with Flexible Diaphragms RM1: These buildings have bearing walls that consist of reinforced brick or concrete block masonry. Wood floor and roof framing consists of steel beams or open web joists, steel girders and steel columns. Lateral forces are resisted by the reinforced brick or concrete block masonry shear walls. Diaphragms consist of straight or diagonal wood sheathing, plywood, or untopped metal deck, and are flexible relative to the walls. Foundations consist of brick or concrete-spread footings. Reinforced Masonry Bearing Wall Buildings with Stiff Diaphragms RM2: These building are similar to RM1 buildings, except that the diaphragms consist of metal deck with concrete fill, precast concrete planks, tees, or double-tees, with or without a cast-in-place concrete topping slab, and are stiff relative to the walls. The floor and roof framing is supported on interior steel or concrete frames or interior reinforced masonry walls. Unreinforced Masonry Bearing Wall Buildings URM: These buildings have perimeter bearing walls that consist of unreinforced clay brick masonry. Interior bearing walls, when present, also consist of unreinforced clay brick masonry. In older construction, floor and roof framing consists of straight or diagonal lumber sheathing supported by wood joists, which are supported on posts and timbers. In more recent construction, floors consist of structural panel or plywood sheathing rather than lumber sheathing. The diaphragms are flexible relative to the walls. When they exist, ties between the walls and diaphragms consist of bent steel plates or government anchors embedded in the mortar joints and attached to framing. Foundations consist of brick or concrete-spread footings. URMA: These buildings are similar to URM buildings, except that the diaphragms are stiff relative to the unreinforced masonry walls and interior framing. In older construction or large, multistory buildings, diaphragms consist of cast-in-place concrete. In regions of low seismicity, more recent construction consists of metal deck and concrete fill supported on steel framing.

INTRODUCTION

TOPIC: STRUCTURE

The structure of a building is important.The details of the structure all make up the building.There are 2 main parts structure: 1.substructure and 2.superstructure.These will be discussed in details and researched on.Also,the group will focuss on finding information on the different types of structural systems,their advantages,disadvantages,how they are implemented in the industry. Also the structural elements of the building would be differentiate based on the various systems that being implemented nowadays.

Group 2

Members: Vilasha samynaden
                  Nur Afiqah Binti Abdul Nasir
                  Liu Yong

Modern design, construction and maintenance of composite steelconcrete (by Afiqah)

http://www.ejse.org/2A98E53D-8D91-4769-87F2-9B19ED0B0325/FinalDownload/DownloadId-C8FEA0EC44DD8979F865DD896327BA11/2A98E53D-8D91-4769-87F2-9B19ED0B0325/Archives/Fulltext/2008/Special2/VET200806.pdf

IBS and its barriers in malaysia(By vila)

IBS often misinterpreted with negative image due to its unattractive architecture, Rahman & Omar (2006). Aside from that, IBS are not familiar or make a deep impact in the industry due to other factors, viz:-

• IBS is not favourable and popular among designers
• Lack of understanding of among designers, client and contractors
• Slow adoption among contractors with the available systems and high degree of skills, mechanism, coordination and logistic for transportation and erection of the system.
• The lest standardized and non-concurrent for joints, design, adaptation, chemistry of the components produced coupled with the poor quality and bad aesthetic outlook have make it much harder to promote it within the build communities especially contractors.
• The chances of securing a continuous project from government worries the contractor in term of cash flow where the break event point after investing on IBS system

http://www.malaysiaconstructionservices.com/services/industrialized-building-system-ibs

A comparison of traditional building systems to reinforce concrete(By Vila)

http://www.icomos.org/iiwc/seismic/Gulhan.pdf


CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS AND DAMAGES
The building stock of the damage assessment study area can be presented mainly by 4
construction systems;
• Timber framed structures

• Frameless Brick and Masonry buildings
• Reinforced concrete framed structures
• Unframed buildings with planar reinforced concrete bearing element

Case studies on the damages of the structural systems:

In  Kocaeli-Gölcük the study was carried on three districts; Kavaklı District, Dumlupınar
District and Şehitler District. The greatest destruction was seen in Kavaklı Distirct, which is
located in the city center along the seacoast. Reinforced concrete framed buildings are
dominant (75%) and ground bearing capacity is low (poor soil condition) in that area.


Reinforced concrete frame systems are known to be one of the most sensitive systems to
earthquake loads if they are constructed with adequate engineering, correct construction
techniques, proper detailing, inspection and good workmanship. However in this region, most
of the above requirements that were not fulfilled, have become the reasons for high damage
on reinforced concrete frame structures. The highest level of damage was observed in
reinforced concrete frame systems over 5 stories. (Table 2b, Table 2c)  The damage ratios of
reinforced concrete frame buildings were less for 1-4 storey buildings in comparison to 5-8
storey buildings. The damage ratio increased as the number of stories increased.


The level of damage is less in Şehitler District, which is much more a rural settlement area.
Most of the buildings are settled towards the side of hills. The soil condition is hard and the
building stock is made up of 2-3 storey timber framed structures and 3-4 storey frameless
brick and masonry buildings by 49% and, 3-7 storey reinforced concrete framed buildings by
51%. Even though the building stock is almost fifty-fifty in reinforced concrete frame
structures and traditional systems (covering timber frame structures, masonry and frameless
brick buildings), the level of damage is much higher in reinforced concrete frame structures
when compared with the traditional style buildings. (Table 2a) Moreover the number of the
deaths (available numbers on the site study) was 287 in RC frame buildings whereas it was
only 3 in traditional style buildings.


Case study 2: SAKARYA
In Sakarya the study was carried on three districts; Cumhuriyet District, Ozanlar District and
Yahyalar District. Cumhuriyet District is located in the rural area and building stock is mostly
made up of  timber framed structure with different infill materials.  These timber framed
structures fall into two main groups. The first is called “hımış” where the timber frame is
infilled with adobe, stone masonry or brick. The other is “bağdadi” where the voids between
the timber framing elements is filled lighter materials, or with a form of plaster/lime rendering
on wooden lath. (Figure 2) (Ergünay & Gülkan, 1999) Both kinds of timber framed structures
are endowed with good earthquake resistance in spite of the fact that they are slightly
damaged, moderately damaged and rarely highly damaged. The number of reinforced
concrete frame structures were only 7, 2 of which were under construction and 5 of which
were highly damaged. (Table 3a)

Demet Gülhan (). THE BEHAVIOUR OF TRADITIONAL BUILDING SYSTEMS AGAINST EARTHQUAKE AND ITS COMPARISION TO REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME SYSTEMS. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.icomos.org/iiwc/seismic/Gulhan.pdf. [Last Accessed ].